The Relationship of Anatomical Localizations of Hiatal Clamp and Oesophagogastric Junction with Body Mass Index / Relación entre las Localizaciones Anatómicas de la Pinza Hiatal y la Unión Esofagogástrica con el Índice de Masa Corporal

SUMMARY: In our study, we aimed to reveal the relationship between the anatomical localizations measured and the Body Mass Index (BMI) in patients scheduled for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. In this study, anatomical localizations of the hiatal clamp and oesophagogastric junction in 189 female and 137 male patients who applied to the hospital with different gastrointestinal system complaints and underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) were investigated depending on BMI. In addition, the data were compared with the patients' complaints before EGD and the diagnoses they received after EGD. SPSS Statistics 22 (IBM Corp. Turkey) program was used for statistical analysis and p0.05). On the other hand, it was determined that the hiatal clamp distance and the distance of the oesophagogastric junction increased as the height and weight increased (p38. As a result of the study, it can be said that BMI values, hiatal clamp distance and oesophagogastric junction localizations may change in relation to height and weight.

En este estudio, buscamos revelar la relación entre las localizaciones anatómicas y el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) en pacientes programados para endoscopía digestiva alta. Se investigaron las localizaciones anatómicas de la pinza hiatal y la unión esofagogástrica en 189 mujeres y 137 hombres que acudieron al hospital con diferentes problemas del sistema gastrointestinal los cuales fueron sometetidos a una esofagogastro- duodenoscopia (EGD) dependiendo del IMC. Además, los datos se compararon con las quejas de los pacientes antes de la EGD y los diagnósticos que recibieron después de la EGD. Se utilizó el programa SPSS Statistics 22 (IBM Corp. Turquía) para el análisis estadístico y el valor de p0,05). Por otro lado, se determinó que la distancia de la pinza hiatal y la unión esofagogástrica aumentaba con la altura y el peso corporal (p38. Como resultado del estudio, se puede decir que los valores de IMC, la distancia de pinzamiento hiatal y las localizaciones de la unión esofagogástrica pueden cambiar en relación con la altura y el peso.

Impact of cycling and walking on adiposity and healthcare costs among adults: longitudinal study / Impacto do ciclismo e da caminhada na adiposidade e nos custos de saúde em adultos: estudo longitudinal / Impacto de andar en bicicleta y caminar sobre la adiposidad y los costos de salud en adultos: estudio longitudinal

Abstract: Leisure-time physical activity seems relevant to prevent the development of chronic diseases and obesity. However, not much is known about the economic burden of these healthy behaviors, mainly in longitudinal designs. This study aimed to analyze the impact of walking and cycling on leisure-time on adiposity and healthcare costs among adults. This longitudinal study was conducted at a medium-size Brazilian city and included 198 participants with no missing data attended in the Brazilian Unified National Health System. Cycling and walking were assessed by a questionnaire with a face-to-face interview at four time-points (baseline, 6-month, 12-month, and 18-month). Healthcare costs were assessed using medical records. Adiposity markers included waist circumference and body fatness. Over the follow-up period, participants who were more engaged in cycling presented lower body fatness (p-value = 0.028) and healthcare costs (p-value = 0.038). However, in the multivariate model, the impact of cycling on costs was not significant (p-value = 0.507) due to the impact of number of chronic diseases (p-value = 0.001). Cycling on leisure-time is inversely related to adiposity in adults, whereas its role on preventing chronic diseases seems the main pathway linking it to cost mitigation.

Resumo: A atividade física no lazer parece relevante para prevenir o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas e obesidade. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre o impacto econômico destes comportamentos saudáveis, principalmente em estudos longitudinais. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o impacto da caminhada e do ciclismo como atividades de lazer na adiposidade e nos custos de saúde em adultos. Este estudo longitudinal foi realizado em uma cidade brasileira de médio porte e incluiu 198 participantes sem dados indisponíveis atendidos no Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro. A caminhada e o ciclismo foram avaliados por meio de questionário e entrevista presencial em quatro momentos (linha de base, 6 meses, 12 meses e 18 meses). Os custos de saúde foram avaliados por meio de prontuários médicos. Os marcadores de adiposidade incluíram circunferência da cintura e gordura corporal. Durante o período de acompanhamento, os participantes que praticavam mais ciclismo apresentaram menos gordura corporal (p = 0,028) e custos de saúde (p = 0,038). Porém, no modelo multivariado, o impacto do ciclismo nos custos deixou de ser significativo (p = 0,507) devido ao impacto do número de doenças crônicas (p = 0,001). O ciclismo no momento de lazer está inversamente relacionado à adiposidade em adultos, enquanto o seu papel na prevenção de doenças crônicas parece ser o principal aspecto que o liga à redução de custos.

Resumen: La actividad física en el ocio parece relevante para prevenir el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas y la obesidad. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre el impacto económico de estos comportamientos saludables, especialmente en estudios longitudinales. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el impacto de caminar y andar en bicicleta como actividades de ocio sobre la adiposidad y los costos de salud en adultos. Este estudio longitudinal se llevó a cabo en una ciudad brasileña de tamaño mediano e incluyó a 198 participantes sin datos indisponibles atendidos en el Sistema Único de Salud brasileño. Se evaluaron los hábitos de caminar y andar en bicicleta mediante un cuestionario y una entrevista cara a cara en cuatro momentos (inicial, 6 meses, 12 meses y 18 meses). Los costos de atención médica se evaluaron utilizando registros médicos. Los marcadores de adiposidad incluyeron la circunferencia de la cintura y la grasa corporal. Durante el período de seguimiento, los participantes que practicaban más ciclismo presentaron menos grasa corporal (p = 0,028) y costos de salud (p = 0,038). Sin embargo, en el modelo multivariado, el impacto del ciclismo en los costos dejó de ser significativo (p = 0,507) debido al impacto del número de enfermedades crónicas (p = 0,001). El hábito de andar en bicicleta en los momentos de ocio está inversamente relacionado con la adiposidad en los adultos, mientras que su papel en la prevención de enfermedades crónicas parece ser el principal aspecto que lo vincula con la reducción de costos.

Association between childhood anthropometric indicators and bone mineral density in adulthood / Associação entre indicadores antropométricos na infância e densidade mineral óssea na idade adulta

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to verify the association between childhood anthropometric indicators and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) in adulthood. Methods: Repeated measures of 137 subjects (68 females) were obtained in childhood (9.2±1.5 years of age) and adulthood (22.3±1.7 years of age). aBMD (g/cm2) was assessed for whole body, lumbar spine, upper and lower limbs, and femoral neck in adulthood using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Anthropometric measurements of body weight (BW), height, triceps and subscapular skinfolds were obtained in childhood. The anthropometric indicators used were BW, body mass index (BMI), and sum of skinfolds (ΣSF). Simple linear regression was used to assess the association between childhood anthropometric indicators and aBMD in adulthood, controlled by chronological age and stratified by sex, with 5% statistical significance. Results: In females, multiple associations were observed between anthropometric indicators and aBMD, with higher coefficients for BMI (β=0.020; R2=0.20; p<0.01 for right femoral neck to β=0.008; R2=0.16; p<0.01 for upper limbs), followed by BW (β=0.003; R2=0.21; p<0.01 for upper limbs to β=0.008; R2=0.20; p<0.01 for right femoral neck) and ΣSF (β=0.001; R2=0.06; p<0.01 for upper limbs to β=0.005; R2=0.12; p<0.01 for right femoral neck). In males, associations were observed only for the lumbar spine region (β=0.016; R2=0.09 for BMI to β=0.004; R2=0.06; p<0.01 for ΣSF). Conclusions: Anthropometric indicators of childhood proved to be sensitive predictors of aBMD in adulthood, especially in females. BMI indicated a greater association with aBMD in both sexes.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a associação entre os indicadores antropométricos da infância com a área da densidade mineral óssea (aDMO) na idade adulta. Métodos: Medidas repetidas de 137 sujeitos (68 do sexo feminino) foram obtidos na infância (9,2±1,5 anos de idade) e idade adulta (22,3±1,7 anos de idade). A aDMO (g/cm2) foi avaliada para todo o corpo, coluna lombar, membros superiores e inferiores e colo do fêmur na idade adulta usando a absorciometria radiológica de dupla energia (DXA). Medidas antropométricas de peso corporal, estatura e dobras cutâneas das regiões tricipital e subescapular foram obtidas na infância. Os indicadores antropométricos utilizados para as análises foram o peso corporal (PC), o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e o somatório de dobras cutâneas (ΣDC). Regressão linear simples controlada pela idade e estratificada por sexo foi empregada para avaliar a associação entre os indicadores antropométricos do período da infância na aDMO na idade adulta, com significância estatística de 5%. Resultados: No sexo feminino, múltiplas associações foram observadas entre os indicadores antropométricos e a aDMO, com maiores coeficientes para IMC (β=0,020; R2=0,20; p<0.01 para colo do fêmur direito a β=0,008; R2=0,16; p<0,01 para membros superiores), seguido da PC (β=0,003; r2=0,21; p<0,01 para membros superiores a β=0,008; r2=0,20; p<0,01 para colo do fêmur direito) e ΣDC (β=0,001; R2=0,06; p<0,01 para membros superiores a β=0,005; R2=0,12; p<0,01 para colo do fêmur direito). No sexo masculino, associações ocorreram apenas na região da coluna (β=0,016; R2=0,09 para IMC a β=0,004; R2=0,06; p<0,01 para ΣDC). Conclusões: Indicadores antropométricos da infância mostraram ser sensíveis preditores da aDMO na idade adulta, especialmente no sexo feminino. O IMC indicou maior associação com a aDMO em ambos os sexos.

Características sociodemográficas associadas ao baixo peso e ao excesso de peso em adultos com 50 anos ou mais (ELSI-Brasil): diferenças entre sexos / Sociodemographic characteristics associated with underweight and overweight in adults aged 50 years and over (ELSI-Brasil): differences between sexes / Características sociodemográficas asociadas al bajo peso y al sobrepeso en adultos de 50 años o más (ELSI-Brasil): diferencias entre sexos

Os objetivos foram descrever a prevalência de baixo peso e excesso de peso, avaliados pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC), estratificada por sexo e faixa etária, e analisar as características sociodemográficas associadas ao IMC em mulheres e homens mais velhos. Trata-se de uma análise transversal de 8.974 participantes com ≥ 50 anos da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde dos Idosos Brasileiros (ELSI-Brasil, 2015-16). O IMC foi classificado em baixo peso, eutrofia e excesso de peso de acordo com a idade do participante. Foi utilizado modelo de regressão logística multinominal, considerando-se as características sociodemográficas de mulheres e homens. Os resultados evidenciaram maior prevalência de excesso de peso nas mulheres em comparação aos homens (64,1% vs. 57,3%). Em ambos os sexos, a prevalência de baixo peso foi maior nos mais longevos, enquanto que o excesso de peso foi menor. Nas mulheres, a chance de baixo peso foi maior do que a chance de eutrofia naquelas solteiras/viúvas/divorciadas (OR = 1,95; IC95%: 1,42-2,66) e nas residentes na área rural (OR = 1,58; IC95%: 1,01-2,49), ao passo que a chance de excesso de peso foi menor do que a chance de eutrofia nas residentes na área rural (OR = 0,78; IC95%: 0,62-0,97) e em todas as macrorregiões geográficas relativas à Região Sul. Para os homens, a chance de excesso de peso foi menor do que a chance de eutrofia entre solteiros/viúvos/divorciados (OR = 0,58; IC95%: 0,48-0,69). Os mais ricos apresentaram menor chance de baixo peso (OR = 0,59; IC95%: 0,38-0,90), bem como maior chance de excesso de peso (OR = 1,52; IC95%: 1,20-1,92). Em conclusão, as características sociodemográficas associadas ao IMC diferiram entre os sexos.

The objective were to describe the prevalence of underweight and overweight, assessed by body mass index (BMI), stratified by sex and age group, and to analyze the sociodemographic characteristics associated with BMI in older women and men. This is a cross-sectional analysis of 8,974 participants aged ≥ 50 years from the baseline of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brasil, 2015-2016). BMI was classified as underweight, eutrophy, and overweight according to the participant's age. A multinomial logistic regression model was used, considering the sociodemographic characteristics of women and men. The results showed a higher prevalence of overweight in women compared to men (64.1% vs. 57.3%). In both sexes, the prevalence of underweight was higher in the longest-lived individuals, while overweight was lower. In women, the chance of underweight was higher than the chance of eutrophy in those who were single/widowed/divorced (OR = 1.95; 95%CI: 1.42-2.66) and in those living in rural areas (OR = 1.58; 95%CI: 1.01-2.49), while the chance of being overweight was lower than the chance of being eutrophy in those living in rural areas (OR = 0.78; 95%CI: 0.62-0.97) and in all geographic macro-regions related to the South Region. For men, the chance of being overweight was lower than the chance of being eutrophy among single/widowed/divorced individuals (OR = 0.58; 95%CI: 0.48-0.69). The richest had a lower chance of being underweight (OR = 0.59; 95%CI: 0.38-0.90), as well as a higher chance of being overweight (OR = 1.52; 95%CI: 1.20-1.92). In conclusion, the sociodemographic characteristics associated with BMI differed between the sexes.

Los objetivos fueron describir la prevalencia de bajo peso y sobrepeso, evaluados a través del índice de masa corporal (IMC), estratificada por sexo y grupo de edad, y analizar las características sociodemográficas asociadas al IMC en mujeres y hombres mayores. Se trata de un análisis transversal de 8.974 participantes con ≥ 50 años de la línea de base del Estudio Longitudinal Brasileño sobre el Envejecimiento (ELSI-Brasil, 2015-2016). Se clasificó el IMC en bajo peso, eutrofia y sobrepeso conforme la edad del participante. Se utilizó el modelo de regresión logística multinomial, teniendo en cuenta las características sociodemográficas de mujeres y hombres. Los resultados evidenciaron una prevalencia más alta de sobrepeso en las mujeres en comparación con los hombres (64,1% vs. 57,3%). En ambos sexos, la prevalencia de bajo peso fue más alta en los grupos de mayor edad, mientras que la prevalencia del sobrepeso fue menor. La chance de bajo peso fue más alta que la chance de eutrofia en las mujeres solteras/viudas/divorciadas (OR = 1,95; IC95%: 1,42-2,66) y en las que viven en el área rural (OR = 1,58; IC95%: 1,01-2,49), mientras que la chance de sobrepeso fue menor que la chance de eutrofia en las que viven en el área rural (OR = 0,78; IC95%: 0,62-0,97) y en todas las macrorregiones geográficas relacionadas a la región Sur. La chance de sobrepeso fue menor que la chance de eutrofia entre los hombres solteros/viudos/divorciados (OR = 0,58; IC95%: 0,48-0,69). Los más ricos presentaron una chance menor de bajo peso (OR = 0,59; IC95%: 0,38-0,90), así como una chance más alta de sobrepeso (OR = 1,52; IC95%: 1,20-1,92). En conclusión, las características sociodemográficas asociadas al IMC difirieron entre los sexos.

Association between sleep duration and latency, nocturnal awakenings, and body mass index among infants / Associação entre duração e latência do sono, despertares noturnos e índice de massa corporal de lactentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the association between sleep duration, nocturnal awakenings, and sleep latency with body mass index (BMI) at six and 12 months of age. Methods: 179 children from a birth cohort were enrolled. At six and 12 months of age, anthropometric data were obtained using standardized techniques and infants' mothers answered the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire for sleep data. The association of BMI with the independent variables (sleep duration, latency, and nocturnal awakenings) was assessed by linear regression models. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders and a p-value<0.05 was adopted to define statistical significance. Results: For each additional hour of sleep duration, BMI was reduced by 0.15 kg/m² (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.28; -0.01; p=0.03) and each additional minute of sleep latency increased BMI by 0.01 kg/m² (95%CI -0.00; 0.03; p=0.02). These associations were independent of gestational age, child sex, birth weight, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, smoking during pregnancy, and mother's BMI, education, and marital status. Nocturnal awakenings showed no association with the outcome. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that sleep duration and sleep latency time are associated with BMI in the first year of life. Insights into the influence of sleep early in life on weight status may be helpful to complement future nutritional recommendations and prevent and treat obesity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre duração do sono, despertares noturnos e latência do sono com o índice de massa corporal (IMC) aos seis e 12 meses de idade. Métodos: foram incluídas 179 crianças de uma coorte de nascimentos. Aos seis e 12 meses de idade, dados antropométricos foram obtidos por meio de técnicas padronizadas e as mães dos lactentes responderam ao Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire para dados do sono. A associação do IMC com as variáveis independentes (duração do sono, latência e despertares noturnos) foi avaliada por modelos de regressão linear. As análises foram ajustadas para potenciais fatores de confusão e o p-valor<0,05 foi adotado para definir a significância estatística. Resultados: Para cada hora adicional de duração do sono, o IMC foi reduzido em 0,15 kg/m² (intervalo de confiança [IC]95% -0,28; -0,01; p=0,03) e cada minuto adicional no tempo de latência resultou em aumento de 0,01 kg/m² (IC95% -0,00; 0,03; p=0,02) no IMC. Essas associações foram independentes da idade gestacional, sexo da criança, peso ao nascer, duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo, tabagismo durante a gravidez e IMC, escolaridade e estado civil da mãe. Os despertares noturnos não apresentaram associação com o desfecho. Conclusões: Nossos achados sugerem que a duração e a latência do sono estão associadas ao IMC no primeiro ano de vida. Informações sobre a influência do sono no início da vida sobre o status do peso podem ser úteis para complementar futuras recomendações nutricionais e prevenir e tratar a obesidade.

Cut-off points of neck and waist circumference as predictors of obstructive sleep apnea in the Colombian population: a comparison with polysomnography

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Neck circumference (NC) is a useful anthropometric measure for predicting obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Ethnicity and sex also influence obesity phenotypes. NC cut-offs for defining OSA have not been established for the Latin American population. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate NC, waist circumference (WC), and body mass index (BMI) as predictors of OSA in the Colombian population and to determine optimal cut-off points. DESIGN AND SETTING: Diagnostic tests were conducted at the Javeriana University, Bogota. METHODS: Adults from three cities in Colombia were included. NC, WC, and BMI were measured, and a polysomnogram provided the reference standard. The discrimination capacity and best cut-off points for diagnosing OSA were calculated. RESULTS: 964 patients were included (57.7% men; median age, 58 years) and 43.4% had OSA. The discrimination capacity of NC was similar for men and women (area under curve, AUC 0.63 versus 0.66, P = 0.39) but better for women under 60 years old (AUC 0.69 versus 0.57, P < 0.05). WC had better discrimination capacity for women (AUC 0.69 versus 0.57, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in BMI. Optimal NC cut-off points were 36.5 cm for women (sensitivity [S]: 71.7%, specificity [E]: 55.3%) and 41 cm for men (S: 56%, E: 62%); and for WC, 97 cm for women (S: 65%, E: 69%) and 99 cm for men (S: 53%, E: 58%). CONCLUSIONS: NC and WC have moderate discrimination capacities for diagnosing OSA. The cut-off values suggest differences between Latin- and North American as well as Asian populations.

Impact of anthro-metabolic indices and gestational weight gain on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a prospective observational study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of anthro-metabolic indices on maternal and neonatal outcomes. METHODS: This prospective observational study was conducted on healthy mother-baby pairs between January 1, 2023 and July 1, 2023. Detailed sociodemographic information was collected through an interview with the mother. Clinical, biochemical, obstetric, fetal, and neonatal outcomes were abstracted from hospital medical records. Anthropometric measurements were obtained from the examination of mother-baby pairs. RESULTS: A total of 336 healthy mothers-children pairs were included. Mothers of newborn ≥4000 g had higher gestational age (p=0.003), body mass index (p=0.003), gestational weight gain (p=0.016), waist circumferences (p=0.002), and hip circumferences (p=0.001). gestational weight gain was associated with the mode of delivery (p=0.023). waist-to-hip ratio (p=0.005), gestational weight gain (p=0.013), and a body shape ındex (p<0.001) were associated with longer length of hospital stay. Age (p<0.001) and inter-pregnancy interval (p=0.004) were higher in pre-pregnancy underweight/obese mothers. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that maternal waist circumferences (AUC: 0.708, p=0.005), maternal weight (AUC: 0.690, p=0.010), and hip circumferences (AUC: 0.680, p=0.015) were sufficient to predict macrosomia (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated a significant association between gestational weight gain and cesarean delivery, prolonged hospital stay, and macrosomia. It was also found that maternal body mass index, waist circumferences, and hip circumferences during pregnancy were associated with macrosomia. On the contrary, no significant relationship was found between maternal anthro-metabolic characteristics and maternal-fetal and birth outcomes.

Comparison of nutritional status and growth curves of children and adolescents in the city of Goiânia, Goiás: cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Nutritional status and growth curves can affect cognitive development, increase the risk of infection, and contribute to the development of chronic diseases. Its etiology is related to food, socioeconomic, and maternal conditions. However, to date, no data on these parameters exist in the state of Goiás, Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To compare the nutritional status and growth curves of children and adolescents in the city of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 529 individuals were recruited from a primary health center in the municipality. METHODS: To assess nutritional status, the sample was divided into three categories: 3-4, 5-10, and 11-19 years, with z-score classification considering body mass index for age. The classification of growth curves was performed considering the median height values for age, assuming two references: (a) young Brazilian population and (b) one recommended for international use. The independent sample T-test was used to compare anthropometric variables. RESULTS: The results showed that the classification of eutrophics represents a predominant percentage between both sexes (men: 03-04 = 55.4%; 05-10 = 57.6%; 11-19 = 53.5 % and women: 03-04 = 53.5%; 05-10 = 63.9%; 11-19 = 56.9%), and growth curves showed differences in specific periods in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that children and adolescents from the city of Goiânia present as predominance the eutrophic nutritional status, followed by the risk of overweight, underweight, obesity, and malnutrition of both sexes.

Effect of uncontrolled type-II diabetes mellitus and Its duration on nerve conduction parameters in adult Sudanese patients in Khartoum State

Background: Peripheral neuropathy is a serious complication of diabetes, which has socioeconomic consequences as well as a reduced quality of life. Early neuropathic process recognition and management could alter its course and considerably reduce the associated morbidity and mortality. This study determines the effect of long-term glycemic control on diabetic peripheral neuropathy in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods: A hospital-based study was carried out at the National Centre of Neurosciences and Ibrahim Malik Hospital in Khartoum. All individuals who were older than 18 years and have had T2DM for less than 10 years were recruited. Using accepted techniques, the BMI, HbA1c level, and nerve conduction studies (NCS) were measured. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 25.0 software. P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Of the 95 patients with T2DM, 52 were male patients. Our findings showed that as the duration of diabetes increased, the sensory velocity reduced from 64.07 ± 3.22 to 54.00 ± 5.34 and the motor nerve from 63.39 ± 2.38 to 53.87 ± 2.08 (P = 0.05, P = 0.003, respectively). Additionally, with increased duration of diabetes, a significant decrease was seen in both motor nerve amplitude from 8.79 ± 3.11 to 6.94 ± 1.84 (P = 0.05) and sensory nerve amplitude from 25.71 ± 5.70 to 19.51 ± 6.51 (P = 0.003). Also, all parameters of NCS (velocity and amplitude) decreased when Hb A1c was >6 ­ sensory velocity from 63.96 ± 2.36 to 55.49 ± 2.43 (P = 0.03) and motor velocity from 63.00 ± 2.59 to 51.44 ± 1.66 (P = 0.02). And sensory amplitude decreased from 26.91 ± 1.26 to 20.85 ± 2.1 (P = 0.05), while motor amplitude decreased from 6.88 ± 3.55 to 6.61 ± 3.29 (P = 0.05). Additionally, there is a substantial (P = 0.05) correlation between sensory and motor amplitudes and the BMI. Conclusion: High BMI and poorly controlled (high HbA1c) long-term diabetes had a negative impact on all nerve conduction study parameters

Relación entre la Temperatura de Superficie, la Composición Corporal e Indicadores Antropométricos de Obesidad y Sobrepeso / Relationship Between Surface Temperature, Body Composition and Anthropometric Indicators of Obesity and Overweight

La termografía por infrarrojo (TI) permite evaluar la temperatura corporal, medir los cambios en la disipación del calor corporal en superficie y relacionarlos con las características de composición corporal e índices antropométricos. Aumentar el número de registros de zonas corporales evaluadas con TI y establecer las relaciones de estas temperaturas (32 áreas corporales) con variables de composición corporal e índices antropométricos, como el índice de masa corporal (IMC), índice cintura cadera, índice cintura estatura, en hombres adultos divididos según su estado ponderal. Participaron 60 hombres, adultos sanos, divididos en 2 grupos: grupo 1 (n=30), con IMC ≤ 24,9, edad 23,2 ± 3,9 años, masa corporal 66,5 ± 6,5 kg, y talla 170,5 ± 7,4 cm; y, grupo 2 (n= 30), con IMC > 24,9, edad 29,4 ± 9,9 años, masa corporal 84,5 ± 11,9 kg, y talla 172,0 ± 7,18 cm. Se realizaron evaluaciones antropométricas y de TI. Sujetos con IMC ≤ 24,9 kg/ m2 presentaron valores mayores de temperatura superficial, en todas las zonas estudiadas, a diferencia de los sujetos con niveles de IMC > 24,9 kg/m2, donde la disipación del calor corporal fue menor. Existe una estrecha relación entre la temperatura superficial de la piel y el IMC, donde sujetos con un IMC normal mostraron una disipación de calor y valores de temperatura superficial mayores, en todas las zonas evaluadas, a diferencia de los sujetos con un IMC que se encontraba por encima del límite de normalidad.

SUMMARY: Infrared thermography (IT) makes it possible to assess body temperature, measure changes in body heat dissipation on the surface, and relate them to body composition characteristics and anthropometric indices. The objective of this study was to increase the number of records of body areas evaluated with IT and establish the relationships of these temperatures (32 body areas) with body composition variables and anthropometric indices, such as body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio, in adult men divided according to their weight status. A total of 60 healthy adult men participated, divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n=30), with a body mass index (BMI) ≤ 24.9, age 23.2 ± 3.9 years, body mass 66.5 ± 6.5 kg, and height 170.5 ± 7.4 cm; and, group 2 (n = 30), with BMI > 24.9, age 29.4 ± 9.9 years, body mass 84.5 ± 11.9 kg, and height 172.0 ± 7.18 cm. Anthropometric and IT assessments were performed. Subjects with BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/ m2 presented higher values of surface temperature in all areas studied, unlike subjects with BMI levels > 24.9 kg/m2, where body heat dissipation was lower. There is a close relationship between skin surface temperature and BMI, where subjects with a normal BMI showed higher heat dissipation and surface temperature values, in all evaluated areas, unlike subjects with a BMI that was above the normal limit.

Relación entre Índices Antropométricos de Obesidad y Condición Física en Escolares de 9 a 14 Años de la Región de Valparaíso, Chile / Relationship Between Anthropometric Indices of Obesity and Physical Condition in Schoolchildren Aged 9 to 14 Years From the Valparaíso Region, Chile

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron 1) describir factores antropométricos asociados a la obesidad y pruebas de condición física junto con 2) determinar la correlación entre estas variables en un grupo de escolares provenientes de la región de Valparaíso. Participaron un total de 109 escolares divididos por sexo y por grupos de edad. Los escolares fueron divididos en dos grupos entre 9 a 11 años (24 hombres= 47,98 ± 10,4 kg; 145,73 ± 7,3 cm; 25 mujeres= 45,06 ± 11,1 kg; 145,30 ± 6,6 cm) y entre 12 a 14 años (24 hombres= 54,85 ± 13,2 kg; 158,42 ± 8,8 cm; 36 mujeres= 52,21 ± 9,1 kg; 155,36 ± 6,1 cm). Se realizaron evaluaciones de la condición física utilizadas en el proceso de evaluación del Sistema de Medición de la Calidad de la Educación (SIMCE) de educación física para escolares chilenos. Estas evaluaciones incluyeron parámetros de flexibilidad, carrera, salto horizontal, y resistencia muscular. Junto con esto, se evaluaron variables antropométricas como peso, estatura y perímetro de cintura para establecer índices antropométricos de obesidad como el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el perímetro de cintura (PC) y el índice de cintura estatura (ICE). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos de hombres de los diferentes grupos de edad en las pruebas de condición física, resistencia muscular abdominal (p = 0,001), salto horizontal (p = 0,002) y prueba de carrera (p = 0,003). Entre los grupos de mujeres se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables de condición física, salto horizontal (p = 0,002) y carrera (p = 0,003). Tanto en hombres como en mujeres del grupo de 9 a 11 años se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre las variables antropométricas con pruebas de salto horizontal y capacidad de carrera (p = 0,03, r = -0,42 - 0,83, moderado a muy fuerte). En este mismo grupo solo las mujeres presentaron una correlación significativa entre parámetros antropométricos y la prueba de resistencia muscular en flexo extensiones de codo (p < 0,05, r = -0,42 - -0,52, moderado a fuerte) y abdominales (p < 0,05, r = -0,57 - -0,60, fuerte). Para el grupo entre 12 y 14 años se obtuvieron correlaciones negativas entre el ICE y la prueba de carrera en hombres (p < 0,016, r = -0,48, moderado), PC y la prueba de carrera en mujeres (p < 0,011, r = -0,41, moderado). Sólo en mujeres fue posible encontrar correlaciones significativas entre PC, IMC e ICE con salto horizontal (p < 0,05, r = 0,38 - 0,48, moderado). Los resultados sugieren una correlación negativa entre parámetros antropométricos de exceso de peso corporal y el rendimiento en pruebas físicas, siendo en el grupo de mayor edad las mujeres quienes presentan mayor cantidad de correlaciones significativas entre variables. Estos datos refuerzan la importancia de incluir abordajes integrales en las clases de educación física considerando estilos de vida activos y saludables en conjunto con la promoción de la actividad física.

SUMMARY: The objectives of this study were 1) to describe anthropometric factors associated with obesity and physical fitness tests and 2) to determine the correlation between these variables in a group of schoolchildren from the Valparaíso region. A total of 109 schoolchildren divided by sex and age groups participated. The schoolchildren were divided into two groups between 9 to 11 years (24 males = 47,98 ± 10,4 kg; 145,73 ± 7,3 cm; 25 females = 45,06 ± 11,1 kg; 145,30 ± 6,6 cm) and between 12 to 14 years (24 males = 54,85 ± 13,2 kg; 158,42 ± 8,8 cm; 36 females = 52,21 ± 9,1 kg; 155,36 ± 6,1 cm). Physical fitness assessments used by the Sistema de Medición de la Calidad de la Educación (SIMCE) evaluation process for physical education for Chilean schoolchildren were performed. These assessments included flexibility, sprint capacity, horizontal jump, and muscular endurance parameters. In addition, anthropometric variables such as weight, height and waist circumference were evaluated to establish anthropometric indices of obesity such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-height index (WHI). Significant differences were found between the groups of men in the different age groups in the physical fitness tests, abdominal muscular endurance (p = 0.001), horizontal jump (p = 0.002), sprint test (p = 0.003) and the anthropometric index BMI (p = 0.048). Among the female groups, significant differences were only found in the physical condition variables, horizontal jump (p = 0.002) and sprint (p = 0.003). In both males and females in the 9- to 11- year-old group, significant correlations were found between anthropometric variables and tests of horizontal jumping and sprint ability (p = 0.03, r = -0.42 - 0.83, moderate to very high). In this same group, only females presented a significant correlation between anthropometric parameters and muscular endurance tests in elbow flexion (p < 0.05, r = -0.42 - -0.52, moderate to high) and abdominals (p < 0.05, r = -0.57 - -0.60, high). For the group between 12 and 14 years, negative correlations were obtained between WHI and the sprint test in males (p < 0.016, r = -0.48, moderate), WC and the sprint test in females (p < 0.011, r = -0.41, moderate). Only in women was it possible to find significant correlations between WC, BMI and ICE with a horizontal jump (p < 0.05, r = 0.38 - 0.48, moderate). The results suggest a negative correlation between anthropometric parameters of excess body weight and performance on physical tests, with women in the older age group presenting the highest number of significant correlations between variables. These data reinforce the importance of including integral approaches in physical education classes that consider active and healthy lifestyles together with the promotion of physical activity.

Rendimiento diagnóstico de once indicadores para resistencia a la insulina en una muestra de pobladores peruanos

Introducción: La resistencia a la insulina (RI) es una de las principales causas del desarrollo de patologías crónicas. Es indispensable su detección temprana, por ello es importante estudiar métodos más asequibles y menos costosos como los biomarcadores. Objetivo: Determinar la precisión diagnóstica de once biomarcadores para RI en una muestra de pobladores peruanos. Metodología: Estudio de pruebas diagnósticas. Análisis de base de datos secundario del estudio PERU MIGRANT. Para medir RI se utilizó como referencia la evaluación del modelo homeostático (HOMA-IR) ≥ 2,8. Los biomarcadores se basaron en la ratio de lípidos, los indicadores de lípido visceral, los indicadores con triglicéridos y glucosa (TyG), y los indicadores con cintura abdominal. Para la precisión se utilizó el análisis de la curva de características operativas del receptor y el área bajo la curva (AUC) con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Se estudió a 938 participantes. La prevalencia de RI fue del 9,91%. En relación con el análisis ROC, el índice TyG - índice de masa corporal (TyG - IMC) tuvo el mayor AUC, tanto en hombres: AUC=0,85 (0,81 - 0,90), corte=241,55; sens=92,5 (79,6 - 98,4) y esp=78,3 (73,9 - 82,2); como en mujeres: AUC=0,81 (0,76 - 0,85), corte=258,77; sens=79,2 (70,3 - 86,5) y esp= 82,1 (78,0 - 85,8). Discusión: Según los datos analizados, el índice TyG-IMC es el mejor indicador para medir RI. Es un índice simple que se puede tomar de manera rutinaria en la práctica clínica diaria. Es conveniente añadir futuros estudios prospectivos que confirmen su capacidad predictiva.

Introduction: Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the main causes of chronic disease. Early detection is essential, which is why it is important to study more affordable and less expensive methods, such as biomarkers. Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of 11 biomarkers of IR in a sample of Peruvian residents. Method: diagnostic tests. Secondary Database Analysis of the PERU-MIGRANT Study. To measure RI, a homeostatic model evaluation (HOMA-IR) ≥ 2.8 was used as a reference. Biomarkers were based on the lipid ratio, visceral lipid indicators, indicators of triglycerides and glucose (TyG), and indicators of abdominal waist. For precision, the receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the curve (AUC) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were used. Results: A total of 938 participants were studied. The prevalence of IR was 9.91%. In relation to the ROC analysis, the TyG index - body mass index (TyG - BMI) had the highest AUC, both in men: AUC=0.85 (0.81 - 0.90), cut-off=241.55; sens=92.5 (79.6 - 98.4) and sp=78.3 (73.9 - 82.2); as in women: AUC=0.81 (0.76 - 0.85), cut-off=258.77; sens=79.2 (70.3 - 86.5) and esp= 82.1 (78.0 - 85.8). Discussion: According to the data analyzed, the TyG-IMC index is the best indicator for measuring IR. It is a simple index that can be routinely used in clinical practice. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm its predictive capacity.

Comportamiento de adicción a la comida en pacientes recientemente diagnosticados con diabetes tipo 2 / Food addiction behavior in patients with newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes

Resumen Antecedentes: El concepto de adicción a la comida describe las dificultades de algunos individuos respecto al consumo de comida. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de la adicción a la comida y su asociación con el índice de masa corporal (IMC), consumo de calorías y control terapéutico en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) de diagnóstico reciente. Material y: métodos: Se incluyeron 1080 pacientes con DMT2. Se determinó el grado de control terapéutico con niveles de hemoglobina glicada, colesterol de baja densidad y presión arterial. El consumo diario de calorías fue estimado con un cuestionario semicuantitativo de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Resultados: Casi todos los pacientes mostraron sobrepeso (40.5 %) y obesidad (49.1 %). La frecuencia de adicción a la comida fue de 54.2 % (56.9 % en mujeres y 48.9 % en hombres). La adicción a la comida se asoció a IMC (RM = 1.89, p ≤ 0.05), alto consumo calórico (RM = 1.14, p ≤ 0.05) y hemoglobina glicada > 7 % (RM = 1.43, p ≤ 0.05). Conclusiones: La adicción a la comida es frecuente en pacientes con sobrepeso/obesidad y DMT2 recientemente diagnosticada y se asocia al consumo calórico superior a lo recomendado, grado de obesidad y pobre control terapéutico.

Abstract Background: The concept of food addiction describes the difficulties of some individuals with regard to food consumption. Objective: To determine the frequency of food addiction and its association with body mass index (BMI), calorie consumption and therapeutic control in patients with newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Material and methods: A total of 1,080 patients with T2DM were included. The degree of metabolic control was determined with the levels of glycated hemoglobin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood pressure. Daily caloric consumption was estimated with a semi-quantitative questionnaire of food consumption frequency. Results: Nearly all patients showed overweight (40.5 %) and obesity (49.1 %). The frequency of food addiction was 54.2 % (56.9 % in women and 48.9 % in men). Food addiction was associated with BMI (OR = 1.89, p ≤ 0.05), high caloric intake (OR = 1.14, p ≤ 0.05) and glycated hemoglobin > 7 % (OR = 1.43, p ≤ 0.05) Conclusions: Food addiction is common in patients with overweight/obesity and newly-diagnosed T2DM, and is associated with higher-than-recommended caloric consumption, obesity degree and poor metabolic control.

Ultra-processed food consumption and nutritional status in Uruguayan and Brazilian children between three to five years / Consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados y estado nutricional en niños de tres a cinco años uruguayos y brasileños

Introduction. There is growing consensus globally that the consumption of ultra- processed food (UPF) can negatively affect the nutritional status of children. Objective. The present study aims to evaluate associations between the consumption of UPF and the nutritional status in a sample of Uruguayan and Brazilian preschoolers belonging to two studies: the ENDIS Study and the Pelotas 2015 Birth Cohort. Materials and methods. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis. The main outcome measure was obesity defined as BMI for age and sex ≥ +3 z-scores. The score of UPF consumption was the main exposure measured. Each positive answer of habitual intake was added up to create a UPF score ranging from zero to six or more UPF. Crude and adjusted logistic regressions were performed for the associations between UPF consumption and nutritional status in preschoolers. Results. The final sample consisted of 8,687 preschool children, 50.8% belonging to the Uruguayan study, while the remaining 49.2% belonged to the Brazilian study. Nearly 5% of the sample of young children were obese. We didn't observe a relationship between the score of UPF consumption and obesity, the odds ratio (OR) was 1.04 (95% CI, 1.00­1.09). Adjustments resulted in modest attenuation of the relationship and a lack of statistical significance. However, in children under 48 months, the score of UPF consumption was directly associated with childhood obesity. Conclusions. Results suggest that higher consumption of UPF is associated with obesity in Uruguayan and Brazilian preschool children under 4 years of age. These findings suggest that actions to reduce ultra- processed food consumption could lead to diminish obesity patterns and bring important public health benefits(AU)

Introducción. Existe creciente consenso a nivel mundial de que el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados puede afectar negativamente el estado nutricional de los niños. Objetivo. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar asociaciones entre el consumo de ultraprocesados y el estado nutricional en una muestra de preescolares uruguayos y brasileños pertenecientes a dos estudios: el Estudio ENDIS y la Cohorte de Nacimiento de Pelotas 2015. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un análisis transversal. La principal medida de resultado fue la obesidad definida como el IMC/edad y sexo ≥ +3 puntuaciones z. La puntuación del consumo de ultraprocesados fue la principal exposición. Cada respuesta positiva de la ingesta habitual se sumó para crear una puntuación de ultraprocesados que oscilaba entre cero y seis o más. Se realizaron regresiones logísticas crudas y ajustadas. Resultados. La muestra final estuvo constituida por 8.687 niños, de los cuales el 50,8% pertenecía al estudio uruguayo, mientras que el 49,2% restante pertenecía al estudio brasileño. Casi el 5% de la muestra de niños pequeños eran obesos. No observamos relación entre la puntuación del consumo de ultraprocesados y la obesidad, el odds ratio (OR) fue de 1,04 (IC 95%, 1,00-1,09). Los ajustes dieron lugar a modesta atenuación de la relación y falta de significación estadística. Sin embargo, en menores de 48 meses la puntuación de consumo de ultraprocesados se asoció directamente con la obesidad infantil. Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren que un mayor consumo de ultraprocesados se asocia con obesidad en prescolares uruguayos y brasileños menores de 4 años. Estos hallazgos sugieren que las acciones para reducir el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados podrían conducir a una disminución de los patrones de obesidad y traer importantes beneficios para la salud pública(AU)

Serum levels and gestational curve of adiponectin and leptin during adolescent pregnancy

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a curve of weekly serum levels of adiponectin and leptin among pregnant adolescents. In addition, pregestational body mass index and weight gain were assessed and correlated with the serum concentration of these molecules. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study, including only pregnant adolescents with eutrophic pre-gestational body mass index who were weekly followed during the evolution of gestation. The serum concentrations of adipokines were determined using commercial ELISA kits and were correlated to pre-gestational body mass index and pregnancy weight gain. A total of 157 pregnant women participated in this study. RESULTS: Adiponectin levels showed a significant decrease among the trimesters (p=0.0004). However, we did not observe significant differences among its levels when compared weekly, neither of which was between adiponectin concentration and pre-gestational body mass index or weight gain (p=0.36 and p=0.10, respectively). In contrast, we detected a significant increase in weekly serum leptin levels (p<0.0001), positively correlated to both pre-gestational body mass index and weight gain (p=0.003 and p=0.0007, respectively). CONCLUSION: These adipokines present a different profile throughout adolescent pregnancy.

Evaluation of thyroid functions and obesity in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with many chronic diseases. METHODS: Obesity and thyroid function tests were evaluated retrospectively and cross-sectionally for 782 obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 49.3±11.5 years, and the majority were obese (67.9%) or overweight (26.6%). The mean age of the patients in Group 2 (moderate/severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome) was higher than that of Group 1 (simple snoring/mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome). The rate of severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome among obese patients (35.2%) was significantly higher than that of normal-weight (11.6%) and overweight (18.3%) patients (p=0.001). The oxygen desaturation index/apnea-hypopnea index and levels of leukocytes and C-reactive protein were significantly higher, while mean/minimum saturation values and hemoglobin, hematocrit, and free triiodothyronine levels were significantly lower among obese patients compared with overweight and normal-weight patients (p=0.001). Leukocytes, C-reactive protein, and apnea-hypopnea index/oxygen desaturation index values were higher, and mean/minimum saturation values were lower in Group 2 than in Group 1. CONCLUSION: There were relationships between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome severity and body mass index. Obesity could be a critical predisposing factor for sleep disturbances. The prevention and control of obesity is important while being treated for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Dyslipidemia Among Overweight and Obese Children in Jharkhand: A Hospital-Based Study

Objective: To study the prevalence of common dyslipidemia among overweight and obese children between 2-18 years in a tribal region. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 151 overweight and obese children aged 2-18 years, who visited the pediatric outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in Jharkhand between 1 August and 30 November, 2022. Dyslipidemia was defined as anyone of the following: a total cholesterol level of 240 mg/dL, a triglyceride level of 150 mg/dL, a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (LDL-C) of 140 mg/dL, a high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (HDL-C) of 40 mg/dL, or the use of a lipid-lowering drug [8]. Overweight and obesity were defined as per World Health Organization criteria. Result: The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 63.6%. The most common type of dyslipidemia was low HDL-C + high TG levels found in 32.5% (n=49) children. The most prevalent pattern of dyslipidemia in overweight children was low HDL-C (19, 32.3%); and in obese children low HDL-C and high TG levels (39, 42.3%). Conclusion: The prevalence rate of dyslipidemia was high among overweight and obese children in this region. There was a positive association between dyslipidemia and body mass index.

La obesidad como factor de riesgo de gravedad por la infección de COVID-19

Los nuevos estilos de vida forzados por la pandemia, han mostrado un incremento en la incidencia en los niveles de índice de masa corporal de sobrepeso y obesidad en la población, a su vez estos casos, se visibilizaban más al estar relacionados con casos de gravedad por la enfermedad del COVID-19. Objetivo. Relacionar que el sobrepeso y obesidad, si son factores de riesgo y predicción de situaciones de gravedad por infección del COVID-19. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio, tipo descriptivo correlacional. Para esta investigación, se tomó muestra poblacional de personal voluntario de 48 personas, principalmente constituido por estudiantes y algunos docentes que pertenecen a la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión. Este personal fue evaluado en dos clínicas ubicadas en ciudades diferentes, la información biométrica y resultados de análisis de sangre, se consultó con personal médico asesor. Luego de un año se realizó una segunda evaluación, mediante una encuesta, para recabar información sobre la respuesta del sistema inmune del personal evaluado, ante una infección COVID-19 si fuera el caso. Se realizó la consulta médica respecto a los resultados obtenidos, sobre la correlación entre la obesidad, como factor de riesgo en el nivel de gravedad de la enfermedad COVID-19. Resultados. Se determinó que 13 personas evaluadas que corresponden: al 27.08% del total, registraron sobrepeso y presentaron clínicas leves o severas ocasionadas por el COVID-19. Conclusiones. Por lo que, este resultado demuestra que en personas con sobrepeso son propensos a padecer diversas enfermedades, esta situación de su comorbilidad, los expone a alto riesgo de llegar a situaciones graves de su salud por la infección del COVID-19.

The new lifestyles forced by the pandemic have shown an increase in the incidence of overweight and obesity body mass index levels in the population, and these cases are more visible because they are related to serious cases of COVID-19 disease. Objective. To relate that overweight and obesity are risk factors and predictors of severity situations due to COVID-19 infection. Materials and methods. A descriptive correlational study was carried out. For this research, a population sample of 48 volunteer personnel was taken, mainly made up of students and some teachers belonging to the Faculty of Education of the Universidad Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión. These personnel were evaluated in two clinics located in different cities; the biometric information and blood test results were consulted with medical advisors. After one year, a second evaluation was carried out by means of a survey to gather information on the response of the immune system of the evaluated personnel to a COVID-19 infection, if applicable. A medical consultation was made regarding the results obtained on the correlation between obesity as a risk factor in the level of severity of COVID-19 disease. Results. It was determined that 13 people evaluated, corresponding to 27.08% of the total, were overweight and presented mild or severe symptoms caused by COVID-19. Conclusions. Therefore, this result shows that overweight people are prone to suffer from various diseases, this situation of their comorbidity, exposes them to high risk of reaching serious health situations due to COVID-19 infection.

Os novos estilos de vida forçados pela pandemia mostraram um aumento na incidência de níveis de índice de massa corporal de sobrepeso e obesidade na população, e esses casos se tornaram mais visíveis por estarem relacionados a casos graves da doença COVID-19. Objetivo. Relacionar que o sobrepeso e a obesidade são fatores de risco e preditores de situações de gravidade devido à infecção por COVID-19. Materiais e métodos. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo correlacional. Para esta pesquisa, foi tomada uma amostra populacional de 48 funcionários voluntários, composta principalmente por estudantes e alguns professores pertencentes à Faculdade de Educação da Universidad Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión. Esses funcionários foram avaliados em duas clínicas localizadas em cidades diferentes, e as informações biométricas e os resultados dos exames de sangue foram consultados com consultores médicos. Após um ano, foi realizada uma segunda avaliação por meio de uma pesquisa para coletar informações sobre a resposta do sistema imunológico do pessoal avaliado a uma infecção por COVID-19, se aplicável. Foi realizada uma consulta médica com relação aos resultados obtidos sobre a correlação entre a obesidade como fator de risco no nível de gravidade da doença COVID-19. Resultados. Foi determinado que 13 pessoas avaliadas, correspondendo a 27,08% do total, estavam acima do peso e apresentavam sintomas leves ou graves causados pela COVID-19. Conclusões. Portanto, esse resultado mostra que as pessoas com sobrepeso são propensas a sofrer de várias doenças, essa situação de comorbidade as expõe a um alto risco de chegar a situações graves de saúde devido à infecção por COVID-19.

Association Between Hormone Therapy and Weight Gain in the Menopause Transition and After Menopause: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objectives: to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis in order to assess whether hormone therapy (HT) increases weight in women in the menopausal transition and after menopause. Method: this article proposes an update to the systematic review published in 2005 by the Cochrane Library (Kongnyuy EJ et al 2005) with reference to studies assessing weight changes in women receiving HT from 1986 to 2005. Following PRISMA recommendations, we included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) ) from May 2005 onwards from Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane CENTRAL databases. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Two authors independently assessed the risk of biases in the selected studies. Results: ten RCTs were included, totaling 2,588 HT users and 764 non-users. Different regimens, dosages, and routes of administration in HT users were analyzed and compared to non-users. The results did not show statistically significant differences for most of the HT regimens evaluated. There was significant weight gain only in patients using EEC alone at dosages of 0.45 mg/day and 0.3 mg/day when compared to placebo (p 0.01); as well as in patients receiving esto-progestative combinations of 0.5 mg/day 17-beta-estradiol (E2) + 100 mg/day progesterone, with a 0.7 kg weight increase (p 0.032). On the other hand, the combinations of 1 mg/day estradiol valerate + 3 mg/day drospirenone showed a -1.0 kg reduction (p = 0.04), whereas a -0.2 kg reduction (p = 0.001) was identified in patients using 1 mg /day estradiol (E) + 0.5 mg norethisterone acetate (NETA). Tibolone therapy showed no statistically significant changes in weight. After performing a meta-analysis, the comparative results between users and non-users showed that there was a slight weight increase (+0.279 kg ; CI -1.71 to 2.27) in patients using 0.625 mg/day conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) + 2.5 mg/day medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). As for the patients receiving 2.5 mg/day Tibolone, weight gain (+0.670 kg; CI from -1.14 to 2.48) was also observed in them. However, these increases were not significant when compared to non-HT users. Conclusions: most regimens studied showed that patients using HT in the menopausal transition and after menopause did not show significant weight gain. The only combination that showed weight gain was 0.5 mg/day 17-beta-estradiol (E2) + 100 mg/day progesterone observed, while there was weight reduction in patients using 1 mg/day estradiol valerate + 3 mg/day drospirenone and 1 mg/day estradiol (E) + norethisterone acetate.

Objetivo: realizar uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise para avaliar se a terapia hormonal (TH) aumenta o peso em mulheres na transição menopausal e após a menopausa. Métodos: este artigo propõe uma atualização da revisão sistemática publicada em 2005 pela Cochrane Library (Kongnyuy EJ et al., 2005) com referência a estudos avaliando mudanças de peso em mulheres recebendo TH de 1986 a 2005. Seguindo as recomendações do PRISMA, incluímos ensaios clínicos randomizados (RCTs) de maio de 2005 em diante do Medline, Embase e dos bancos de dados Cochrane CENTRAL. Diferenças médias padronizadas (SMD) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC) foram calculados. Dois autores avaliaram independentemente o risco de vieses nos estudos selecionados. Resultados: foram incluídos dez ECRs, totalizando 2.588 usuários de HT e 764 não usuários. Diferentes esquemas, dosagens e vias de administração em usuários de HT foram analisados e comparados a não usuários. Os resultados não mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas para a maioria dos esquemas de TH avaliados. Houve ganho de peso significativo apenas nos pacientes que usaram apenas EEC nas doses de 0,45 mg/dia e 0,3 mg/dia quando comparados ao placebo (p 0,01); assim como em pacientes recebendo combinações estoprogestativas de 0,5 mg/dia de 17-beta-estradiol (E2) + 100 mg/dia de progesterona, com aumento de peso de 0,7 kg (p 0,032). Por outro lado, as combinações de 1 mg/dia de valerato de estradiol + 3 mg/dia de drospirenona apresentaram redução de -1,0 kg (p = 0,04), enquanto foi identificada redução de -0,2 kg (p = 0,001) nas pacientes que usaram 1 mg /dia estradiol (E) + 0,5 mg de acetato de noretisterona (NETA). A terapia com tibolona não mostrou alterações estatisticamente significativas no peso. Após realizar uma meta-análise, os resultados comparativos entre usuárias e não usuárias mostraram que houve um leve aumento de peso (+0,279 kg ; IC -1,71 a 2,27) em pacientes em uso de 0,625 mg/dia de estrogênio equino conjugado (CEE) + 2,5 mg/dia de acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MPA). Quanto aos pacientes que receberam Tibolona 2,5 mg/dia, também foi observado ganho de peso (+0,670 kg; IC de -1,14 a 2,48). No entanto, esses aumentos não foram significativos quando comparados aos não usuários de HT. Conclusões: a maioria dos esquemas estudados mostrou que as pacientes em uso de TH na transição menopausal e após a menopausa não apresentaram ganho de peso significativo. A única combinação que apresentou ganho de peso foi 0,5 mg/dia de 17-beta-estradiol (E2) + 100 mg/dia de progesterona, enquanto houve redução de peso nas pacientes que usaram 1 mg/dia de valerato de estradiol + 3 mg/dia de drospirenona e 1 mg/dia estradiol (E) + acetato de noretisterona.

Comparación entre mediciones e índices antropométricos para evaluar la obesidad general y la abdominal, Colombia ENSIN 2015

Introducción. El exceso de peso representa un problema en la población adulta, el cual aumentó en los últimos años y se asocia con enfermedades no transmisibles. Objetivos. Comparar las mediciones con los índices antropométricos y evaluar su relación con variables individuales y sociodemográficas para generar información sobre el uso de las principales medidas en la evaluación de la obesidad general y la abdominal como indicadores de riesgo cardiovascular. Materiales y métodos. Se hace un análisis secundario de la encuesta ENSIN para Colombia, con datos recolectados entre el 2015 y el 2016. Como marco muestral, se utilizó el Censo de Población y Vivienda del 2005 del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE), y la muestra incluyó 44.202 hogares y 151.343 personas de 0 a 64 años; para este análisis, se seleccionaron 70.315 registros de población adulta. Se calcularon proporciones, intervalos de confianza, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados. Las medias del índice de masa corporal (IMC) y del índice cintura-estatura fueron más grandes que el punto de corte en ambos sexos, mientras que las medias de la circunferencia de la cintura estuvieron por debajo del corte para los hombres y por encima de aquel para las mujeres (p<0,05). La prevalencia de obesidad por IMC fue de 17,5 %, mientras que la obesidad abdominal, según la circunferencia de la cintura, fue de 50,2 %, y según el índice cintura-estatura, de 62,6 %. Conclusiones. Independientemente del indicador utilizado, la obesidad abdominal es cerca de tres veces más frecuente que la obesidad general por IMC; con el índice cintura- estatura se identifican más personas, en especial hombres, con obesidad abdominal en comparación con la circunferencia de la cintura.

Introduction. Excess weight represents a problem in the adult population, has increased in recent years and is associated with noncommunicable diseases. Objectives. To make comparisons between anthropometric measurements and indices and to evaluate their relationship with individual and sociodemographic variables to generate information on the use of the main measurements in the evaluation of general and abdominal obesity as indicators of cardiovascular risk. Materials and methods . Secondary analysis of the ENSIN survey for Colombia with data collected between 2015 and 2016, the 2005 Population and Housing Census of the Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) was used as a sampling frame. The sample was 44,202 households with 151,343 people aged 0 to 64 years; 70,315 records of adult population were selected for this analysis. Proportions, confidence intervals, measures of central tendency and dispersion were calculated. Results. The means of body mass index (BMI) and waist-height index were higher than the cutoff point in both sexes, while the means of waist circumference were below the cutoff point for men and higher for women (p<0.05). The prevalence of obesity by BMI was 17.5%, while abdominal obesity by waist circumference and waist-height index of 50.2% and 62.6% respectively. Conclusions. Abdominal obesity regardless of the indicator used, is about 3 times higher than general obesity by BMI and waist-height index identifies more people, especially men, with abdominal obesity compared to waist circumference.